The Best Films of 2014: The Ballots

The original format of Interiors ended in 2014, as we made the transition into a full publication. The best thing about this new format is that we can now collaborate with writers and offer multiple viewpoints on films. Their top ten lists all shed a light on their individual tastes and preferences. This is our first year in which we are publishing top ten lists and we are extremely excited that we are doing so with our entire team. The collective list of the entire team will be published soon.

Mehruss Jon Ahi, Co-Founder and Creative Director

1. Boyhood
2. Nightcrawler
3. Enemy
4. Gone Girl
5. Under the Skin
6. Birdman
7. The Grand Budapest Hotel
8. Foxcatcher
9. Edge of Tomorrow
10. American Sniper

I set out a goal for myself for 2014, which was that I would watch enough films that I could make a respectable top ten list. I'm often mostly interested in films that make use of space and production design in inventive ways. In this regard, there were several cinematic gems, such as The Grand Budapest HotelBirdman,Foxcatcher and Enemy. It's interesting, however, that my two favorite films of the year -- Boyhood and Nightcrawler -- had little in the way of architectural space. This further speaks to the quality of films released within the year. The films that I haven't seen but am still interested in seeing include WhiplashTwo Days, One Night and Inherent Vice.

Armen Karaoghlanian, Co-Founder and Editor-in-Chief

1. Boyhood
2. The Immigrant
3. Under the Skin
4. Enemy
5. National Gallery
6. Mommy
7. Winter Sleep
8. Birdman
9. Gone Girl
10. Inherent Vice

BoyhoodThe Immigrant and Under the Skin are all my number one films of the year. This order is my actual preference, but let's also just assume that I placed them in this order for alphabetical reasons. 

I knew nothing of Under the Skin when I saw the film in theatres. I think I had seen the trailer months before, but I wasn't too interested in the subject matter. I figured I'd appreciate it, but wouldn't connect with the film in any real way. In the course of watching the film, I was confused about why so many critics and friends had liked the film so much. I was irritated, disappointed and, at times, bored; then the scene in which Scarlet Johansson picks up the disfigured man came on the screen and something happened within me. It's not that the preceding fifty minutes didn't make sense. This was a rare instance where I felt the film was so ahead of its time that I couldn't appreciate or understand its greatness. This is a film that we will come back and rediscover in the future. I don't think we were (or are) ready for Under the Skin in 2014.

I loved every single one of James Gray's four feature films before The Immigrant. I believe he is the only filmmaker who has outdone himself with each film. The Immigrant is no exception. Christopher Spelman's beautiful score with the opening shot of the back of the Statue of Liberty grabbed hold of me and didn't let go until after the equally exceptional closing shot of the film. The film has a lot of supporters now, but the fact that the film was abandoned and dumped into theaters feels so unfair. The Immigrant feels like a perfectly kept secret and it's one that I adore.

I first heard about Boyhood when Richard Linklater set out to film the project in 2002. I would see the film listed under Richard Linklater's filmography on the Internet Movie Database, and knew nothing other than the fact that the film would be comprised of short films, each filmed once a year. I was interested, curious and confused about this ongoing project. The reason the film has connected with so many people is without a doubt the fact that its themes are so universal. In one of the final scenes of the film, we realize that we never thought about things from his mother's perspective. "I just thought there would be more," his mother says. That's how I feel about life. I am in a similar position now in my personal life as Mason is at the end of the film. I saw Boyhoodtwice in theatres. I was with my mother the second time. We both cried. It's a cinematic experience that I will probably never have again.

Mary Nazaryan, Production Manager

1. Boyhood
2. The Immigrant
3. Mommy
4. Enemy
5. Under the Skin
6. Birdman
7. Gone Girl
8. Inherent Vice
9. Two Days, One Night
10. The Grand Budapest Hotel

2014 was a noteworthy year for film, mostly because we were offered such an eclectic offering. Mommy andBirdman, in particular, stood out for their distinct styles. Xavier Dolan’s films are always so rich and bold, and in Mommy, he takes his style a step further and shoots in a 1:1 aspect ratio, which results in a square frame. The cinematography of Birdman, and its sense of immediacy, provided an immersive, breathtaking experience that brings its audience into its world. Boyhood and Two Days, One Night are both very similar experiences. In both films, we spend the majority of our time with the protagonists, experience their daily lives. Boyhood takes its audience on a journey, over the course of twelve years, bringing us closer to this little boy and connecting us with his family and having us grow with them. This was also a good year for Marion Cotillard, who displayed a great deal of emotion with her powerful dramas The Immigrant and Two Days, One Night. The year also brought with it films that twisted our minds. Enemy and Under the Skin both seem strange and carry with them an “alien” character, which can be both the protagonist and antagonist of the films. In terms of adaptations, the sharp storytelling of Gone Girl made for an exhilarating film, whereas the casualness of Inherent Vice was coupled with Paul Thomas Anderson’s artistry. It’s also impossible to think of The Grand Budapest Hotel and not think of the color pink. Wes Anderson brought to life a fictionalized hotel with his use of color, composition and impeccable imagination. The film is essentially a moving art gallery with its overall style.

Anthony Versaci, Contributing Writer

1. Under the Skin
2. Boyhood
3. The Look of Silence
4. Winter Sleep
5. The Immigrant
6. Force Majeure
7. Listen Up Philip
8. Two Days, One Night
9. Hard to Be a God
10. Inherent Vice

I can't say there has been a year that I felt was even remotely subpar, since I became a "serious" film fan in college and started watching films regularly -- despite the death knell for cinema that rings every so often on internet think pieces. 2014 was certainly no exception in this regard, as I found numerous works that will stick with me for a long, long time, and I still haven't seen many films that haven't been released in the United States.

There were films this year that moved me with their striking level of clear-eyed empathy (and starred Marion Cotillard) like The Immigrant and Two Days, One Night. There were films that lingered in my head for their complex and nuanced portrayals of relationships and the weaknesses that often keep us apart (Force Majeure,Winter Sleep and Listen Up Philip). The films that earned my highest rating, however, did not share much of a thematic through line. The Look of Silence, Joshua Oppenheimer's more direct but equally brilliant follow-up toThe Act of Killing that resurrects a hidden and tragic past was one; another was Boyhood, Richard Linklater's modest epic that sensitively and poignantly charts twelve years of moments in an ordinary boy's life. The film that I have ultimately rewatched the most and that took my top spot was the one whose world I felt myself most transported by was Jonathan Glazer's atmospheric and nightmarish Under the Skin, a piece of science fiction that compels its viewers to see the familiar through alien eyes. Jonathan Glazer's haunting work was certainly not for everyone, but like other films on my list, the film, in its bold and singular nature, represented for me cinema at its most exciting and provocative. The films that I haven't seen but am still interested in seeing include PhoenixJourney to the WestBlack Coal, Thin IceLi'l QuinquinEdenA Pigeon Sat on a Branch Reflecting on ExistenceClouds of Sils Maria and Girlhood.

Kamran Ahmed, Contributing Writer

1. Journey to the West
2. Boyhood
3. Mommy
4. The Immigrant
5. Jauja
6. Phoenix
7. Black Coal, Thin Ice
8. The Grand Budapest Hotel
9. Under the Skin
10. Blind Massage

It’d be impossible denying the power of cinema as a transformative presence during a time of film ubiquity, a presence that has never before encapsulated so much of life. In my own professional life, 2014 has been the most lucrative year for critical film appreciation. I saw more films in 2014 than any previous year. I completed my Master’s degree in Cinema Studies at the University of Toronto and extended my scholarship to the festival circuit. I began this practice by providing overage for the 2013 Toronto International Film Festival and have continued attending film screenings as accredited press ever since.

I consider 2014 as one of the best years in cinema. I feel compelled because my knowledge of contemporary world cinema is partial towards releases within the past two years. I had the pleasure of viewing exceptional works of world cinema, which, frankly, fly under the radar. Hollywood continued its “pop cinema” offerings, its commercial and blockbuster films, which is often rife with computer-generated images projected via assembly line production teams. Their efforts are not in vain, however, as the lack of artistry is knowingly absconded for escapist thrills. In that same sense, however, many supposed art films appear to not hit their mark when film festival life fails to yield distribution. The films that I haven't seen but am still interested in seeing include Eden,Field of DogsLa sapienzaThe Kindergarten TeacherStations of the CrossFish and CatCorner of Heaven and Wild Tales.

Razvan Gabor, Contributing Writer

1. Mommy
2. The Immigrant
3. Inherent Vice
4. Norte, the End of History
5. Boyhood
6. Timbuktu
7. Stray Dogs
8. Jauja

9. Atlas
10. Leviathan

2014 was packed with high quality work from some of the finest filmmakers, so putting together a top ten list was rather difficult, seeing how there are twenty or so films that I would consider placing on my top ten list in any given year. I felt uneasy leaving films like Under the SkinMaps to the StarsListen Up PhilipOnly Lovers Left AliveBlack Coal, Thin Ice and Winter Sleep off my top ten. I did, however, narrow this list down to the ten that I believe are each masterful in their own way.

In a year when a wonderfully accomplished film like Boyhood is finally getting its rightful praise as the best film of the year, I would also like to celebrate the lesser appreciated gems that haven't popped up as often in the conversation. James Gray's intimate period drama, The Immigrant, has left the strongest impression on me and my appreciation for the film has continuously grown. I often think about Marion Cotillard's tragic performance and the film's timeless opening and closing shots, which remain my favorites of the year. Paul Thomas Anderson's Inherent Vice, a bizarre, drug-induced exploration of the early 1970s, is also at the top of my top ten. The film, in my opinion, is the most purely entertaining film of the year, while still maintaining a sense of personal intimacy at its core.

If I were picking an absolute favorite of the year, it'd be my most recently viewed film, Xavier Dolan's Mommy, which may admittedly be a premature choice as I'm still riding high off of the visceral experience, but it's very rare that I come across a film with such raw emotional power. The film may not be perfect, but I don't feel that the film ever intends on being perfect. That's what makes the film all the more effective and unpredictable.Mommy expresses an energy that truly feels present and alive and it's one of the few films that is representative of our generation, both in its forward-thinking aesthetic and hyperactive nature. Xavier Dolan places his desperate but hopeful characters in a claustrophobic 1:1 aspect ratio frame that puts us in the same space as them and conveys an intense emotion that recalls the work of the great John Cassavetes. I'm often caught up in the cool, technical aspects of films, but nothing compares to when a film can impact me emotionally, and Mommy is one that has emotion pouring out of every frame. I can safely that it has been a long time since a film has left me so emotionally drained and exhausted.

The look into human despair seemed a recurring theme in many films of the year, from the terrifyingly real documentary Atlas, which offers an unflinching look at the horrors of prostitution and drug addiction, to the citizens being crushed by domineering authoritative figures in both Timbuktu and Leviathan, as well as the three characters of Norte, the End of History, who are searching for their individual selves after a horrific incident changes their life's course. 

There is never a shortage of films that push cinema into new places and create wholly refreshing cinematic experiences for the audience. This was most notably accomplished in 2014 with Tsai Ming-liang's Stray Dogsand Jonathan Glazer's Under the Skin, the former's use of extra long shots sets a pace that calls for an entirely different sort of participation for the viewer, which makes for a thoroughly engaging and unexplainably fascinating watch, while the latter's decision to send its character into the real world with hidden cameras blurs the line between reality and fiction, and maintains a heightened visual and sonic aesthetic which in turn provides one of the most atmospherically haunting experiences that cinema offers. The films that I haven't seen but am still interested in seeing include PhoenixThe TribeHorse Money and The Duke of Burgundy.

2015 Oscar Predictions

This is a fantastic awards season for many reasons. The Oscars, this year, seem as unpredictable as ever. It's usually incredibly easy figuring out the winners and it's not a lot of fun watching a three-hour long ceremony when you know all the winners. There a lot of close races this year, but what's also noteworthy is that, this year, more than any other year, the Oscars may be spreading the wealth. The eight nominees will all probably pick up at least one award a piece, and that, in itself, is quite exciting. The following are my predictions of the winners. I have included a "Will Win" and "Should Win" note, as well as my personal favorite of the year.

American Sniper
Boyhood
Birdman
The Grand Budapest Hotel
The Imitation Game
Selma
The Theory of Everything
Whiplash

Will WinBoyhood
Should WinBoyhood
If I picked my favorite of the yearBoyhood

Alejandro González Iñárritu, Birdman
Richard Linklater, Boyhood
Bennett Miller, Foxcatcher
Wes Anderson, The Grand Budapest Hotel
Morten Tydlum, The Imitation Game

Will Win: Richard Linklater, Boyhood
Should Win: Richard Linklater, Boyhood
If I picked my favorite of the year: Richard Linklater, Boyhood

Steve Carell, Foxcatcher
Bradley Cooper, American Sniper
Benedict Cumberbatch, The Imitation Game
Michael Keaton, Birdman
Eddie Redmayne, The Theory of Everything

Will Win: Eddie Redmayne, The Theory of Everything
Should Win: Michael Keaton, Birdman
If I picked my favorite of the year: Joaquin Phoenix, The Immigrant

Marion Cotillard, Two Days, One Night
Felicity Jones, The Theory of Everything
Julianne Moore, Still Alice
Rosamund Pike, Gone Girl
Reese Witherspoon, Wild

Will Win: Julianne Moore, Still Alice
Should WinRosamund Pike, Gone Girl
If I picked my favorite of the year: Marion Cotillard, The Immigrant

Robert Duvall, The Judge
Ethan Hawke, Boyhood
Edward Norton, Birdman
Mark Rufallo, Foxcatcher
J.K. Simmons, Whiplash

Will WinJ.K. Simmons, Whiplash
Should Win: J.K. Simmons, Whiplash
If I picked my favorite of the year: J.K. Simmons, Whiplash

Patricia Arquette, Boyhood
Laura Dern, Wild
Keira Knightley, The Imitation Game
Emma Stone, Birdman
Meryl Streep, Into the Woods

Will Win: Patricia Arquette, Boyhood
Should Win: Patricia Arquette, Boyhood
If I picked my favorite of the year: Patricia Arquette, Boyhood

Birdman
Boyhood
Foxcatcher
The Grand Budapest Hotel
Nightcrawler

Will WinThe Grand Budapest Hotel
Should WinBoyhood
If I picked my favorite of the yearBoyhood

American Sniper
The Imitation Game
Inherent Vice
The Theory of Everything
Whiplash

Will WinThe Imitation Game
Should WinInherent Vice
If I picked my favorite of the yearGone Girl

American Sniper
Boyhood
The Grand Budapest Hotel

The Imitation Game
Whiplash

Will WinBoyhood
Should Win: Boyhood
If I picked my favorite of the yearBoyhood

Birdman
The Grand Budapest Hotel
Ida

Mr. Turner
Unbroken

Will WinBirdman
Should WinBirdman
If I picked my favorite of the yearThe Immigrant

Ida
Leviathan
Tangerines

Timbuktu
Wild Tales

Will WinIda
Should Win: Ida
If I picked my favorite of the yearUnder the Skin

The Grand Budapest Hotel
The Imitation Game
Interstellar

Into the Woods
Mr. Turner

Will WinThe Grand Budapest Hotel
Should Win: The Grand Budapest Hotel
If I picked my favorite of the yearThe Immigrant

The Grand Budapest Hotel
Inherent Vice
Into the Woods

Maleficent
Mr. Turner

Will WinThe Grand Budapest Hotel
Should WinInherent Vice
If I picked my favorite of the yearThe Immigrant

Foxcatcher
The Grand Budapest Hotel
Guardians of the Galaxy

Will WinThe Grand Budapest Hotel
Should WinFoxcatcher
If I picked my favorite of the yearBirdman

American Sniper
Birdman
Interstellar

Unbroken
Whiplash

Will WinAmerican Sniper
Should WinInterstellar
If I picked my favorite of the yearUnder the Skin

American Sniper
Birdman
The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies

Interstellar
Unbroken

Will WinAmerican Sniper
Should WinInterstellar
If I picked my favorite of the yearUnder the Skin

American Sniper
Birdman
The Hobbit: The Battle of the Five Armies

Interstellar
Unbroken

Will WinAmerican Sniper
Should WinInterstellar
If I picked my favorite of the yearUnder the Skin

The Grand Budapest Hotel
The Imitation Game
Interstellar

Mr. Turner
The Theory of Everything

Will WinThe Theory of Everything
Should WinInterstellar
If I picked my favorite of the yearThe Immigrant

"Everything is Awesome" from The LEGO Movie
"Glory" from Selma
"Grateful" from Beyond the Lights
"I'm Not Gonna Miss You" from Glen Campbell... I'll Be Me
"Lost Stars" from Begin Again

Will Win: "Glory" from Selma
Should Win"Glory" from Selma
If I picked my favorite of the year: "Split the Difference" from Boyhood

Screenshot: They Live (1988)

"'I was blind but now I see!'" - John 9:25

"You ain't the first son of a bitch to wake up out of their dream." - Nada

Those unfamiliar with John Carpenter’s paranoid satire They Live (1988), in which a hapless, unemployed alpha-male called Nada (played by alpha-male pro wrestler "Rowdy" Roddy Piper) stumbles upon a covert alien invasion with the help of truth revealing sunglasses may, after reading that last sentence, be even less likely to seek it out.

If you scratch beneath the surface, however, the film has much to say about Reagan Era politics, capitalism, racial tensions, police surveillance and material culture -- all hot topics that were fueling the creative fire of maverick directors like John Carpenter at a time when self-preservation and social status were the mantras of the political elite. The film, according to the director himself, is as relevant now as when it was first released back in 1988:

“Well, They Live was a primal scream against Reaganism of the ‘80s. And the ‘80s never went away. They’re still with us. That’s what makes They Live look so fresh - it’s a document of greed and insanity. It’s about life in the United States then and now. If anything, things have gotten worse.”

In essence, They Live is meant to act like a wake up call to apathetic America dulled into passive obedience through mass consumerism, lured in by an all pervasive marketing assault. There are screens everywhere in the film -- from the television screens that regurgitate inane branded fluff in a seemingly endless loop, to the advertising billboards plastered around the city. The vehicles and walls in the film also act as screens to transmit messages -- lo-fi alternative surfaces used for protest by the rebel minority against the unseen elite. The various slogans, such as "thought control" and "they live, we sleep," flicker past as if interrupting a broadcast -- evidence of dissention in the ranks.

The shot featured above occurs a third of the way into the film when our reluctant hero dons a pair of the aforementioned sunglasses -- referred to by the rebels as ‘Hoffman lenses’ -- revealing a monochromatic world of authoritarian slogans as if part of a city wide culture jam. The film has essentially been stripped of its color, and so have the city's billboards been stripped of their visual enticements, leaving us with a set of functional instructions; "Submit," "Stay Asleep," "Conform," "Watch TV."

In the same manner that Dorothy entered Oz or Neo opted for the red pill in The Matrix, things will never quite be the same for Nada, and his world quickly becomes that of stark opposites: good and evil, us and them, conform or resist. In some ways, this simplified reconfiguration suits both our hero’s limited skill set and our own expectations for action movies set in the 1980s, whereby meathead protagonists fare less well in the world of emotional grey areas than they do when given a recognizable bad guy to pummel along with the necessary hardware to do so. Nada simply appropriates the Alien newspeak to his own set of instructions; "Shoot," "Kill," "Kiss My Ass, "Fuck You."

This is cinematic wish fulfillment for those in the 1980s who felt disenfranchised and disempowered to the point of despair, and a stiff middle finger to "the man" seems in hindsight the appropriate gesture to an equally simplistic mantra of "submit" by those with the power to make it happen.

The use of large scale typographic sloganeering in the film directly references work by artists such as Jenny Holzer and Barbara Kruger, both of whom used strategies of mass media and advertising to comment on capitalist culture in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The typeface most often associated with Kruger’s "subvertising" work -- Futura Bold -- is also the same used by John Carpenter in the film, with slight variation.

It's nearly 30 years on and it’s interesting to note how the visual look of language in They Live has been co-opted by the commercial world it was so desperately looking to undermine. The assertion made in the film is that "there is a distance between the 'lies' of commercial-ideological speech and the coercive 'truths' smuggled inside it’ -- when really, the two co-exist with relative ease. In fact, a prime example of this is how street artist Shepard Fairey’s guerilla Obey campaign of the 1990s developed into a million dollar clothing brand and his Hope poster was condoned by the official Barrack Obama campaign prior to the 2008 US Presidential Election. The artistic interventions by Jenny Holzer and Barbara Kruger have by now lost their initial significance as they too have succumbed to the brand strategist retrofit -- their slogans such as "I Shop Therefore I Am" and "Protect Me From What I Want" appearing on t-shirts, mugs and perfume advertisements  -- social commentary, giving way to irony, giving way to ker-ching.

In fact, while protest movements will continue to use posters and banners as an effective weapon for change, their words and graphic imagery seem more likely now to end up as tomorrow’s marketing fodder, as the gap between dissent and commerce gets ever narrower.

Submit indeed.

Screenshot is an ongoing column from Gabriel Solomons, Senior Lecturer at the University of the West of England, Editor-in-Chief of The Big Picture magazine and Series Editor of The World Film Locations and Fan Phenomena book series. Screenshot examines a single shot from a film and presents an in-depth analysis.

Election (1999)

The narrative of Election (1999) intertwines the stories of three high school students -- overachiever Tracy Flick (Reese Witherspoon), secret lesbian Tammy Metzler (Jessica Campbell) and dumb jock Paul Metzler (Chris Klein) who all run for President during their school election.

The night before the elections, all three students pray in their rooms. These individual scenes are each photographed in a similar manner; starting with a close-up and pulling up high with a crane shot that showcases their surrounding space. It's interesting to note that the use of space in these scenes is greatly exaggerated; obviously filmed in a studio, Alexander Payne pulls the shot as high as possible, distorting the size of their walls, which results in an illogical use of space.

Tracy Flick is the hardest working student in her school; determined for greatness, she will climb the ladder as high as it'll take her, even sleeping with one of her teachers. This election means everything for her. It's an absolutely essential step for her, as far as her future is concerned. 

“Dear Lord Jesus, I do not often speak with you and ask for things, but now I really must insist that you help me win the election tomorrow because I deserve it and Paul Metzler doesn’t, as you well know. I realize that it was your divine hand that disqualified Tammy Metzler and now I’m asking that you go that one last mile and make sure to put me in office where I belong so that I may carry out your will on earth as it is in heaven. Amen.”

Tammy Metzler couldn't care less about winning; she joins the race as a way of getting back at her older brother. In her speech to the students, she claims she will do nothing if elected, which draws cheers from the entire school. 

“Dear God, I know I don’t believe in you, but since I’ll be starting catholic school soon, I though I should at least practice. Let’s see. What do I want? I want Lisa to realize what a bitch she is and feel really bad and apologize for how she hurt me and know how much I still love her. In spite of everything, I still want Paul to win the election tomorrow, not that cunt Tracy. Oh, and I also want a really expensive pair of leather pants and someday, I wanna be really good friends with Madonna. Love, Tammy. ”

Paul Metzler joins after being persuaded by his high school teacher, Jim McAllister (Matthew Broderick), who pushes him into running so he can defeat Tracy Flick.

“Dear God, thank you for all your blessings. You’ve given me so many things, like good health, nice parents, a nice truck, and what I’m told is a large penis, and I’m very grateful, but I sure am worried about Tammy. In my heart, I still can’t believe she tore down my posters, but sometimes, she does get so weird and angry. Please help her be a happier person because she’s so smart and sensitive and I love her so much. Also, I’m nervous about the election tomorrow and I guess I want to win and all, but I know that’s totally up to you. You’ll decide who the best person is and I’ll accept it. And forgive me for my sins, whatever they may be. Amen.

The Deterioration of a Raging Bull

In the 1920s, German Expressionism films communicated the inner emotions and conflicts of characters with lighting and the design of sets. The visual design of these films expressed the inner thoughts of characters through minimal dialogue.

Martin Scorsese's Raging Bull (1980) is a biopic centering on boxing champion Jake La Motta (Robert De Niro) and his self-destructive behavior, which ultimately destroys both his personal and professional life. The film's use of stylized cinematography, lighting, and set design provide an in-depth understanding of Jake La Motta and his deterioration as a character. These techniques also demonstrate the internal life of its characters rather than their external façade. The design of the sets and its established atmosphere also express Jake La Motta’s diminishing stature and emphasize his obscure characteristics.

The use of black and white in the film allows for a focus on character. The lack of color causes the role of blood to be downplayed because its popping reds are never shown. This allows other parts of the visual design, including light and sets, to further communicate emotions and conflicts. In the course of the film, color makes its way into a single scene, a home video montage sequence of the title character's life outside of boxing with his family, along with his marriage to Vickie (Cathy Moriarty). This sequence provides a stark visual contrast from the rest of the film and exhibits realism in comparison to expressionism.

The choice of lighting in the film also allows a look inside the character’s psyche to better understand his mental state. In the third act of the film, Jake La Motta’s insecurities and jealousy drive him to physically harm his wife and brother, Joey (Joe Pesci). In a scene that follows, we see Jake La Motta sitting in front of a broken television. The television does not have a signal and is full of static and noise. This parallels his anger and frustration as he sits in darkness. The light from the television casts harsh shadows on his bruised face, which highlights his internal conflicts. The deep shadows suggest a darker personality and reveal the animal within him. The harsh shadows also represent his violent behavior and provide suggestions of guilt and regret as he sits in isolation. Jake La Motta's withdrawal from the outside world to the confines of his living room in complete darkness also demonstrates his unwillingness to overcome his madness; even when his rage is not being physically displayed on his family or during his fights, he conceals the fury within him. The lighting reflects his masked aggression which is buried within his soul. These are the characteristics and behavior traits that ultimately cause Jake La Motta’s downfall.

In the course of the film, both inside and outside of the ring, Jake La Motta is an animal. In his personal life, his anger causes him to lash out at his family. In his jail cell following his arrest, the lighting patterns illuminate certain parts of the room. This creates a zigzag effect on the screen, which causes a portion of the cell to be filled with light whereas the rest is in complete darkness. This establishes a sense of repulsion within the room and creates a bleak tone. Jake La Motta angrily beats his fits and head onto the wall then sits in agony. Jake La Motta thus "beats himself up" over his mistakes as the beast within him takes control. The lighting of the jail cell establishes the essential atmosphere to demonstrate his diminishment at the end of his career. In this scene, he is caged behind bars and attempts to release his aggression through physical harm. This also resembles his professional life and his confinement to the boxing ring where his physical strength was his sole escape. In other words, he is in the darkest point in his life and through his self-destructive behavior, he has reached complete isolation.

These inner conflicts are also paralleled through the set design and its connection to his life inside the ring. Martin Scorsese’s frequent use of Catholic imagery is seen clearly throughout the film. Jake La Motta takes Vickie to his father’s apartment after their first meeting. The kitchen, living room and bedroom consist of countless references to Catholicism, through the display of crosses and hangings on the wall of the Virgin Mary and Jesus Christ. Their sexual scenes in the bedroom are also intercut between two fights, both against Sugar Ray Robinson in 1943. These references provide suggestions of guilt, sin and atonement for him as his marriage fails due to his affair and as his career worsens at the hands of Sugar Ray Robinson in the ring. The juxtaposition of fighting with love making also suggests his inability to differentiate between the two. Vickie ultimately becomes his life partner and Sugar Ray Robinson becomes a frequent rival of Jake La Motta's.

Jake La Motta’s deterioration both in his life and career becomes evident during his fight against Tony Janiro. Vickie’s innocent remark when she claims that his rival is “good looking” causes him to question his wife’s loyalty. In the fight between Tony Janiro and Jake La Motta, the boxing ring is relatively wider. This allows us to understand the condition of his behavior. The width of the ring allows Jake La Motta to demonstrate his wrath and aggressively move from one end to the other and pin his opponent. This maximizes the movement area and therefore emphasizes the action. The use of slow motion showcases his brutality, a behavior carried over from his personal life with his wife. The camera is also placed at a slightly lower angle, which emphasizes his domineering size. The use of close-ups adds intensity to the fighting techniques and shows his ferocity. The viciousness of the fight allows us to experience how his personal affairs from his family began causing his self-deterioration. Jake La Motta's insecurities over his wife had resulted in him taking out his anger on a fighter, and as a result, being incapable of finding balance between his career and personal life.

The visual design of Jake La Motta’s final fight against Sugar Ray Robinson also demonstrates his deterioration inside the ring. In their final meeting, the overall atmosphere during this particular fight is much more intense. The extensive use of slow motion editing allows us to feel the alienation within the ring. The fighters are also surrounded in dense smoke and the audience is almost never visible. This allows us to focus on the fighters, which feel separated from reality. This also adds to the notion of a jungle-like atmosphere within the ring. The impact of each punch is felt through the distortion in the sound, creating the impression that Jake La Motta is seriously injured. The noise of the audience is also muffled resembling his state of consciousness. In fact, even the cameras photographing the action appear louder and much more intensified, along with the brutal punches which are accompanied by animal shrieks. Jake La Motta’s beaten face becomes unrecognizable over the course of the fight. These elements of visual design create a distinct atmosphere which enhances the cruelty and intensity of the fight.

In this fight, his diminishing stature is also emphasized by the larger ring size and choice of camera. In his earlier fights, he was placed in a smaller ring which accentuated his physical size and strength. This larger boxing ring creates the impression that is role is decreasing and suggestions the deterioration of his strength. This also ties into his overwhelming feelings of insecurity, jealousy and inferiority that plague him throughout the rest of the film. These feelings ultimately alienate him from everyone, including his wife and brother. In the final series of brutal punches, we are able to get a glimpse of the domineering Sugar Ray Robinson. The camera focuses on him and tilts down, effectively lighting him from behind, thus making him appear larger and more separated from the background. This, in turn, causes a monstrous display of the victorious Sugar Ray Robinson. This lower angle emphasizes his position over Jake La Motta. Sugar Ray Robinson is intercut between images of his opponent, resting on the rope and his appearance in comparison to the diminishing Jake La Motta draws attention to his physical size. The camera placement and expressionism in this sequence allows us to feel the burden Jake La Motta feels during the match. In addition, through Jake La Motta’s subjective perspective, we also get a distorted view of reality that reflects his mind state. The blurry images and distorted sound are accompanied with the feeling that the boxing ring is off balance. This allows us to feel him weakening, both physically and emotionally.

It's through Expressionism techniques that Martin Scorsese emphasizes Jake La Motta’s deterioration both inside and outside the ring in Raging Bull. The choice of lighting helps emphasize the hidden characteristics in the personality that emotionally disturbed the title character. The visual design of the fights helps create an atmosphere that shows us his diminishment over the course of the film. These techniques help focus on the inner conflicts rather than the outward appearance of the character. Jake La Motta ultimately had to defend himself against his inner demons.